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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Detailed upgrade paths for major programming language version transitions.
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---
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-## Python 3.9 to 3.13
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+## Python 3.9 to 3.14
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### Python 3.10 (from 3.9)
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@@ -140,6 +140,34 @@ rg "typing\.re\." .
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python3.13t script.py # if built with --disable-gil
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```
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+### Python 3.14 (from 3.13)
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+
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+**Key Features Gained:**
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+- Deferred evaluation of annotations by default (PEP 649/749) — inspect via `annotationlib`; `from __future__ import annotations` is no longer needed
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+- Template strings / t-strings (PEP 750)
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+- Free-threaded build officially supported (PEP 779 — still a separate build, no longer "experimental")
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+- Multiple interpreters in the stdlib (`concurrent.interpreters`, PEP 734)
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+- Zstandard compression (`compression.zstd`, PEP 784)
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+- Safe external debugger interface (`sys.remote_exec`)
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+
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+**Breaking Changes:**
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+- `asyncio.get_event_loop()` no longer creates a new event loop — use `asyncio.run()` or `get_running_loop()`
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+- Long-deprecated `ast` aliases (`ast.Num`, `ast.Str`, `ast.Bytes`, ...) removed — use `ast.Constant`
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+- Annotation-introspection code that reads `__annotations__` eagerly may see deferred semantics — migrate to `annotationlib`
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+
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+**Migration Commands:**
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+```bash
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+# Find eager-annotation assumptions
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+rg "from __future__ import annotations" . # now redundant (harmless to keep)
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+rg "__annotations__" . # candidates for annotationlib
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+
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+# Find event-loop creation via the removed pattern
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+rg "asyncio\.get_event_loop\(\)" .
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+
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+# Modernize syntax to the new floor
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+pyupgrade --py314-plus **/*.py
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+```
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+
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### Python Version Upgrade Summary
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| From → To | Key Action | Biggest Risk |
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@@ -148,10 +176,11 @@ python3.13t script.py # if built with --disable-gil
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| 3.10 → 3.11 | Replace `toml` with `tomllib`, enjoy speed boost | `smtpd` removal |
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| 3.11 → 3.12 | Remove `distutils`/`imp`, adopt type syntax | `distutils` full removal, sqlite3 adapter changes |
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| 3.12 → 3.13 | Remove deprecated stdlib modules | Large number of removed stdlib modules |
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+| 3.13 → 3.14 | Adopt deferred annotations + t-strings | `asyncio.get_event_loop()` no longer creates a loop |
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---
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-## Node.js 18 to 22
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+## Node.js 18 to 26
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### Node.js 20 (from 18)
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@@ -233,16 +262,48 @@ node --experimental-require-module app.js
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# Replace: chokidar/nodemon → node --watch
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```
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+### Node.js 24 (from 22)
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+
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+**Key Features Gained:**
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+- `require()` of ESM modules enabled by default (no flag)
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+- V8 13.6 — `Float16Array`, `RegExp.escape`, `Error.isError`, explicit resource management (`await using`)
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+- `URLPattern` as a global
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+- Permission model stable (flag renamed to `--permission`)
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+- npm 11, Undici 7
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+
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+**Breaking Changes:**
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+- Windows native builds drop MSVC (ClangCL toolchain) — affects native-addon build pipelines
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+- Assorted deprecated API removals (`url.parse()` further discouraged — use `URL`)
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+
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+**Migration Commands:**
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+```bash
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+nvm install 24
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+nvm use 24
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+# FROM node:24-alpine
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+
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+npm rebuild # native modules against new ABI
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+rg "require\(['\"]\./.*\.mjs" . # spots that relied on require(esm) flags
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+```
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+
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+### Node.js 26 (from 24)
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+
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+Node 26 is the Current line (April 2026); it enters Active LTS in October 2026. For
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+production, upgrade LTS-to-LTS: 22 → 24 now, 24 → 26 once 26 is LTS. The mechanics are
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+the same as every even-major bump: rebuild native modules, re-run the test suite on the
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+new V8, and update `FROM node:26` images plus CI matrices when you cut over.
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+
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### Node.js Version Upgrade Summary
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| From → To | Key Action | Biggest Risk |
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|-----------|-----------|--------------|
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| 18 → 20 | Rebuild native modules, test URL parsing | Stricter URL validation, loader hooks off-thread |
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| 20 → 22 | Rebuild native modules, check glibc version | Native module compatibility, header validation |
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+| 22 → 24 | Adopt require(esm), permission model | Native-addon toolchain change on Windows |
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+| 24 → 26 | LTS-to-LTS bump when 26 enters LTS (Oct 2026) | Riding the Current line before LTS |
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---
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-## TypeScript 4.x to 5.x
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+## TypeScript 4.x to 6.0
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### TypeScript 5.0 (from 4.9)
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@@ -295,27 +356,65 @@ rg '"suppressExcessPropertyErrors"' tsconfig.json
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| **5.6** | Iterator helper methods, `--noUncheckedSideEffectImports` |
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| **5.7** | `--rewriteRelativeImportExtensions`, `--target es2024` |
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+### TypeScript 6.0 (from 5.x)
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+
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+The last release on the JavaScript-based compiler — 6.0 modernises defaults as the
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+bridge to the native (Go) compiler in TypeScript 7.
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+
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+**Key Features Gained:**
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+- `es2025` target/lib with types for Temporal, `Map.getOrInsert`, `RegExp.escape`
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+- Better inference for `this`-less functions; `#/` subpath-import support
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+- `--stableTypeOrdering` flag to ease 6.0 → 7.0 migration diffing
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+- Large-monorepo `tsc --watch` rebuilds significantly faster
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+
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+**Breaking Changes:**
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+- `strict: true` is now the **default** — configs that never set it surface new errors
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+- Defaults changed: `module: esnext`, `target: es2025`
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+- Removed: `moduleResolution: classic`; `module: amd/umd/system/none`; minimum `target` is ES2015 (`es5` deprecated)
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+- `esModuleInterop` / `allowSyntheticDefaultImports` can no longer be set to `false`
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+- Namespace-with-class merging requires explicit `export`
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+
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+**Migration Commands:**
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+```bash
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+npm install -D typescript@6
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+
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+# Find options 6.0 removed or hard-wires
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+rg '"moduleResolution":\s*"classic"' tsconfig.json
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+rg '"module":\s*"(amd|umd|system|none)"' tsconfig.json
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+rg '"esModuleInterop":\s*false' tsconfig.json
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+rg '"target":\s*"es5"' -i tsconfig.json
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+
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+# Surface the strict-by-default delta before committing to it
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+npx tsc --noEmit
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+```
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+
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### Migration Strategy
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```
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TypeScript version upgrade approach:
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│
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-├─ Minor version (5.x → 5.y)
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+├─ Minor version (x.y → x.z)
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│ └─ Generally safe, just update and fix new errors
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-│ npm install -D typescript@5.y
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+│ npm install -D typescript@latest
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│ npx tsc --noEmit
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│
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-└─ Major version (4.x → 5.x)
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- ├─ 1. Update tsconfig.json (remove deleted options)
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- ├─ 2. Install typescript@5
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- ├─ 3. Run tsc --noEmit, fix errors
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- ├─ 4. Decide on decorator strategy (legacy vs ECMAScript)
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- └─ 5. Consider adopting moduleResolution: "bundler"
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+├─ Major version (4.x → 5.x)
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+│ ├─ 1. Update tsconfig.json (remove deleted options)
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+│ ├─ 2. Install typescript@5
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+│ ├─ 3. Run tsc --noEmit, fix errors
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+│ ├─ 4. Decide on decorator strategy (legacy vs ECMAScript)
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+│ └─ 5. Consider adopting moduleResolution: "bundler"
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+│
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+└─ Major version (5.x → 6.0)
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+ ├─ 1. Set strict: true explicitly and fix errors BEFORE upgrading
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+ ├─ 2. Replace removed module/moduleResolution options
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+ ├─ 3. Install typescript@6, run tsc --noEmit
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+ └─ 4. Pin the target you actually ship (defaults moved to es2025)
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```
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---
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-## Go 1.20 to 1.23
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+## Go 1.20 to 1.26
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### Go 1.21 (from 1.20)
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@@ -403,6 +502,27 @@ rg "\.Stop\(\)" . --glob "*.go" # Review timer stop behavior
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rg "\.Reset\(" . --glob "*.go" # Review timer reset behavior
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```
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+### Go 1.24 – 1.26 (from 1.23)
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+
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+**Key Features Gained:**
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+- **1.24**: generic type aliases; `tool` directives in go.mod (tracked tool deps); `os.Root` (filesystem-scoped file access); Swiss-table map implementation (runtime perf); `weak` package; `runtime.AddCleanup` (successor to `SetFinalizer`)
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+- **1.25**: container-aware `GOMAXPROCS` (respects cgroup CPU limits); `testing/synctest` for concurrent-code tests; experimental green-tea GC
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+- **1.26**: current stable line — as with every Go release, review the release notes for `go vet`/runtime deltas; language changes remain rare and gated on the `go` directive
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+
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+**Breaking Changes:**
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+- Effectively none at the language level (Go 1 compatibility promise); behavior deltas are gated on the `go` directive version in go.mod, so bumps activate deliberately
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+
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+**Migration Commands:**
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+```bash
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+go mod edit -go=1.26
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+go mod tidy
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+go vet ./...
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+govulncheck ./...
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+
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+# Adopt tool directives (1.24+) — replaces tools.go pattern
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+go get -tool golang.org/x/tools/cmd/stringer
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+```
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+
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### Go Version Upgrade Summary
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| From → To | Key Action | Biggest Risk |
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@@ -410,6 +530,7 @@ rg "\.Reset\(" . --glob "*.go" # Review timer reset behavior
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| 1.20 → 1.21 | Update go.mod toolchain, adopt slog | Toolchain directive in go.mod |
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| 1.21 → 1.22 | Enjoy loop variable fix, adopt enhanced routing | Loop variable semantics (usually fixes bugs) |
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| 1.22 → 1.23 | Replace x/exp packages, adopt iterators | Timer/Ticker behavior change |
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+| 1.23 → 1.26 | Bump go directive stepwise, adopt tool directives + os.Root | Runtime perf deltas (Swiss maps, GC) in hot paths |
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---
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@@ -471,7 +592,7 @@ cargo doc --no-deps # check documentation builds
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---
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-## PHP 8.1 to 8.4
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+## PHP 8.1 to 8.5
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### PHP 8.2 (from 8.1)
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@@ -580,6 +701,30 @@ vendor/bin/rector process src --set php84
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rg "function \w+\([^)]*\w+ \$\w+ = null" src/ --glob "*.php"
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```
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+### PHP 8.5 (from 8.4)
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+
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+**Key Features Gained:**
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+- Pipe operator `|>` for left-to-right call chaining
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+- `array_first()` and `array_last()`
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+- `#[\NoDiscard]` attribute (warn when a return value is ignored)
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+- Fatal errors now include backtraces
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+- `clone with` — update readonly/other properties during clone
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+
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+**Breaking Changes:**
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+- Minor-release discipline: mostly new deprecations rather than removals; run the suite with deprecations surfaced (`error_reporting(E_ALL)`) before and after
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+
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+**Migration Commands:**
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+```bash
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+vendor/bin/rector process src --set php85
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+
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+# Adopt the pipe operator where nested calls hurt readability
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+# Old: trim(strtolower($name))
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+# New: $name |> strtolower(...) |> trim(...)
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+
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+# Replace reset()/end() misuse for first/last element
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+rg "\breset\(|\bend\(" src/ --glob "*.php" # candidates for array_first/array_last
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+```
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+
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### PHP Version Upgrade Summary
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| From → To | Key Action | Biggest Risk |
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@@ -587,6 +732,7 @@ rg "function \w+\([^)]*\w+ \$\w+ = null" src/ --glob "*.php"
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| 8.1 → 8.2 | Fix dynamic properties, deprecation warnings | Dynamic properties deprecated |
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| 8.2 → 8.3 | Adopt typed constants, #[Override] | array_sum/array_product behavior |
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| 8.3 → 8.4 | Adopt property hooks, asymmetric visibility | Implicit nullable deprecation |
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+| 8.4 → 8.5 | Adopt pipe operator, array_first/array_last | New deprecations surfacing in dependencies |
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---
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0xDarkMatter